No Way Of Measuring Crime Criminology Essay

No chance to get Of Measuring Crime Criminology Essay There are numerous methods of estimating wrongdoing; the primary way is wrongdoing measurements which are discharged by the Home Office at regular intervals. Measurements discharged by the Home Office are created by the ONS which is the Office for National Statistics. These insights are comprised of wrongdoings that have been accounted for by the police, individuals that have been charged for a wrongdoing and individuals who have been sentenced by a court and help the police and Government measure patterns and investigations wrongdoing designs for an enormous scope. Anyway this strategy might be imperfect in various manners, right off the bat people in general may not choose to report a wrongdoing might be on the grounds that it is a private issue, for example, aggressive behavior at home and they feel revealing it might disgrace them. Also particular sorts of wrongdoing are excluded inside the insights, for example, cushy wrongdoing; this kind of wrongdoing is depicted by Edwin Sutherland (1939) just like a wrongdoing submitted by an individual of decency and high economic wellbeing over the span of his occupation. Sorts of wrongdoing that are classed as clerical are protection extortion, fraud, tax evasion and web tricks. Another wrongdoing that is excluded inside the measurements is corporate extortion; this incorporates making bogus records, not being honest about any accounts, bogus exchanges, spilling data about an organization, concealing money related misfortunes and accepting hush money. Furthermore official measurements are imperfect since not all violations are recorded by the police; officials may utilize tact in specific cases, for example, utilizing a cell phone while driving then that individual may simply get a verbal admonition. Most wrongdoings are accounted for to the police however not recorded, either on the grounds that the offense is minor or the police decide not to. This is alluded to as the dim figure of wrongdoing violations that are submitted that are rarely announced or are unfamiliar (Biderman Reiss 1967). At the point when the police pick which violations to incorporate then the figures in general show a bogus aggregate of the degrees of wrongdoing in England and Wales. A manner by which the legislature have attempted to improve the unwavering quality of the official measurements is the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS), this is a self-detailing overview which poses inquiries about salaried wrongdoing, hostile to social conduct, exploitation, abusive behavior at home, drink and medication use. The possibility of the overview which was acquainted in 2003 was with fill in holes in the measurements from the Home Office and look at new rising violations (Thornberry Krohn 2002:43). The principal British Crime Surveys were done during the 60s and 70s to help inspect wrongdoing that had not been accounted for to the police (Jansson 2007:3), it is utilized to look at new kinds of wrongdoing that are rising (Jansson 2007:30). The review makes an inquiry or two 50,000 individuals living in England and Wales about wrongdoings that they have encountered direct that they have not announced. Anyway a drawback of utilizing this strategy is that it does exclude certain wrongdoings, for example, assault, extortion, misuse and medications. As the study centers around the people in question, murder can't be incorporated as the individual would be not able to reply. The study just uses individuals living in private houses so this avoids nursing homes, lodgings, understudies living at college and gathering leased property. All techniques for estimating wrongdoing give alternate points of view at various levels for instance, national or nearby wrongdoing levels. The British Crime Survey gives the administration insights at a huge scope yet nearby government for instance; the Islington Crime Survey just uses 2,000 individuals. This is acceptable as the police will realize what territories to concentrate on in that voting demographic; it likewise gives measurements is more detail as it is a littler region with less individuals. One of the motivations behind estimating wrongdoing is that it will enable the legislature to execute new strategies and laws, on the off chance that they know which zones of wrongdoing to concentrate on, at that point they can make a law that objectives that part of wrongdoing. Estimating wrongdoing likewise helps screen the wrongdoing level inside the nation so the police can concentrate on territories with a higher crime percentage to decrease it either by crusades or putting more police in the city to make it more secure. Another reason for existing is that it tends to be contrasted with earlier long stretches of wrongdoing and it will uncover patterns in the figures like if wrongdoing is on the ascent or it is at a steady level. Estimating wrongdoing is likewise a decent method of keeping the open educated, the media can once in a while misrepresent violations which could go to sentimental hysteria so having official insights can show the open the real figures and disclose the wrongdoing to them. Additionally estimating wrongdoing is essential to check whether the police are carrying out their responsibility effectively, in the event that wrongdoing levels go down, at that point the police are carrying out the responsibility in the event that they rise, at that point they have to realize how to diminish it. At the point when the Home Office and Office for National Statistics discharge the insights they take a gander at what needs improvement and counsel the police on the best way to continue in various zones. There additionally might be a dissimilarity between the wrongdoing answered to the police and the wrongdoing that is really recorded; there might be a distinction since some police powers give more consideration to different violations than different sorts of violations. Additionally the administration may change the enactment with the goal that specific wrongdoings are minimized, for example, medications or prostitution. Police caution additionally has an influence in the distinctive among recorded and detailed a wrongdoing, it is more outlandish that the police will charge somebody for not wearing their safety belt yet bound to capture somebody for alcoholic driving. Anyway the distinction may happen when the general population choose not to report the wrongdoing, this might be on the grounds that they feel it isn't worth police time or they would prefer not to report the wrongdoer in the event that they know them for instance, aggressive behavior at home episodes. A few people may like to manage the issue themselves instead of contact the police on the off chance that they detest the police for instance, ethnic minorities may not be happy with detailing wrongdoings to the police (Maguire 2002). Another manner by which there might be a uniqueness is that the Home Office issue rules to the police to reveal to them how to arranging various violations, order encourages the police to figure out what class the wrongdoing is in yet it might fall under a classification that the police don't consider significant so they may not record it. A divergence of the figures could be that an ascent of a specific wrongdoing being accounted for more than others for instance, theft. All in all estimating wrongdoing can never be totally precise, even with the entirety of the current techniques, for example, measurements and overviews both locally and broadly, the dull figure of wrongdoing despite everything exists. Anyway numerous strategies and together they show better outcomes yet it is useful if more individuals from the open report wrongdoings for the police to record yet it would likewise deliver progressively exact outcomes if the police recorded more wrongdoing regardless of whether it is frivolous. In general it is valuable to have wrongdoing information it can assist with forestalling wrongdoing and empower the police to utilize assets all the more productively in specific regions.

Extended Definiton of Emo

Frances Louise Y. GarayFinal Draft of Extended Definition Paper 11048492 A57 â€Å"Emo† â€Å"I wish my grass cutter was emotional so it would cut itself. † Isn’t the word â€Å"emo† now a recognizable word to allude an individual who is feeling miserable, crushed and discouraged? These days, the word â€Å"emo† is utilized as a descriptor to portray an individual who cuts himself or an individual who feels discouraged at whatever point the downpour is pouring hard and gazes at it while tuning in to some passionate tunes or â€Å"senti† songs.Emo is a shortening of â€Å"emotional hardcore† that began in the mid-1980’s from the no-nonsense puck development of Washington, D. C. Emotional is a style of exciting music regularly described by melodic musicianship and expressive, frequently confession booth verses. Emotional, in present day time, used to depict individuals who are discouraged and cut themselves. Emotional is a youngst er who is viewed as over-enthusiastic or characteristically emotional. The word â€Å"emo† really implies a s something of a put-down for the children who truly like â€Å"Rites of Spring† and â€Å"Indian Summer† (Emo bands).The word â€Å"emo† is presently used to depict individuals who have style like side blasts, tight jeans, donning dark or sweater vest, chains and spiky wristbands. Emotional individuals generally wear dull garments and tight jeans. Be that as it may, cheerful individuals are normally observed wearing and light-hued garments. What's more, an upbeat individual has an emanation of an elevating, lively and giddy sort of individual. They likewise have an air that makes you agreeable and brilliant. Not at all like an emotional individual, it can give you a terrible inclination, unusual and skeptical kind of individual when you see them.In terms of mentality, an emotional individual is typically discouraged, enthusiastic, sensational, deli cate, expressive and sorrowful. They are likewise continually feeling shaky and in torment. They have low confidence and they are hostile to social. Interestingly, a glad individual has a demeanor of being an idealistic, grinning, receptive, chipper, sure and amiable sort of individual. Emo’s confession booth verses are the reasons why individuals utilized the word â€Å"emo† to depict an individual who is being sensational, passionate and expressive to what they feel.Because of the verses of the melody about the agony they felt and it ought to be communicated, it urged adolescents to cut themselves. It likewise urged them to turn into a maverick and lose their self image due to their issues to others. Finally, it urged them to have a style pattern of wearing dark garments and punk haircuts in light of the emotional groups that made this design pattern acclaimed. Emotional is a style of exciting music regularly portrayed by melodic musicianship and expressive frequentl y confession booth lyrics.The word â€Å"emo† is currently used to depict individuals who are wearing dull garments and tight jeans, enthusiastic and critical sort of individual. Along these lines, it urged them to be diverse in the public eye, to be a failure and to cut themselves. The word emotional helped us in characterizing things around us. Rather than saying that individual looks so discouraged or is in effect so dismal, we can simply say ‘he’s simply being emotional today. ’ Though words can change its significance extra time, it still, some way or another contain a similar idea of how the word was first utilized.

Wisdom from Suffering Free Essays

Golden Lyles Humanities HNS Period ninth 18 September 2011 Wisdom From Suffering â€Å"Suffering is the cost of being alive. †; â€Å"make utilization of affliction. † These straight forward statements sourced from the musings of Judy Collins and Henri-Frederic Amiel are created from various starting points however good. We will compose a custom article test on Knowledge from Suffering or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Collins’s is originated from the possibility that enduring can't be kept away from and Amiel’s is from his way of thinking of the specialty of living. A great many people attempt to deny and maintain a strategic distance from the way of anguish. However, they regularly neglect to understand that regardless of what number of alternate routes they take around torment, its development is as yet going to be there. May even migrate nearer to them where they are compelled to truly manage it. In Sophocles play Oedipus Rex, Oedipus, the lord of Thebes experiencing comes individual and criminal disclosures. To some degree comparable yet not close to as extraordinary is and additionally was the beginning of my affliction. Beneficial thing is that, individuals gain intelligence from enduring development and acknowledgment. Being best is hard, title alone accompanies high glory and desires. Oedipus was worshiped by the residents of Thebes like he was their God. That was their greatest slip-up. So when the place that is known for Thebes is tormented by ailment and passing, Oedipus supplications that â€Å"I realize that you are spooky wiped out; but then, debilitated as you seem to be, not one is wiped out as I. Every one of you endures in himself alone his anguish, not another’s; yet my soul moans for the city, for myself, for you. † Oedipus not just needs the city to realize that he endures with them however that he endures significantly on the grounds that his enduring not just incorporates himself. Presently not saying that information disclosed wasn’t genuine, simply the way that he knew about how they saw him put focus on him to over misrepresent a little to make a point that he gave it a second thought. His most noteworthy enduring got through the way toward discovering who executed King Laius; a lord before him, whose passing was accept to have brought the plague. During that procedure Oedipus was told by Teiresias, a visually impaired prophet, â€Å"†¦. you are the killer you look for. † obviously Oedipus excused the announcement; reviled the prophet and his words. Not exclusively was Oedipus being the killer uncovered, yet the way that he was a Theban; destined to Iokaste who is his present spouse and mother of his children. That implies that he wedded and had children with his own mom. From that second on Oedipus is confounded, incensed and charges Kreon bringing Teiresias to him to as an approach to attempt and his seat. The enduring of the city of Thebes brought about by the plague-wind realized by a method of the passing of King Laius prompts the astuteness achieved by Teiresias. The information that Oedipus gains is that he slaughtered his dad, wedded and had children with his own mom. Oedipus achieved his own fate and â€Å"served his own destructionâ€Å"; in the expressions of Kreon. In any case, I’d like to share my own story. I was conceived in Chicago on March 4, 1994 to Brenda Yarbrough and Marvin Lyles. Well that’s what I’d thought. Discovered when I was 8 or 9 that Marvin Lyles wasn’t my dad and that my genuine father needed nothing to do with me. I reprimanded my mom for a great deal a ton of things, which I’ve felt terrible for on the grounds that she’s had enough to manage. Stage 4 malignant growth survivor, just has one kidney, has had respiratory failure, hypertension, single parent mother for me and my two siblings the greater part of her life, list continues forever. She doesn’t need me to cause her to feel liable. In 2002, we moved to Aurora in light of the fact that my mother had met this man and got hitched. I wasn’t to upbeat about leaving Chicago and family yet having a â€Å"father† and sister spoke to me and made the circumstance increasingly agreeable. Well that marriage began great then a ton stuff occurred and everything went downhill. The marriage truly delivered a ton of trust issues and fears that I have today. They got separated and from that point on it’s essentially been me and my mother. To come back to the theme, my greatest enduring I would need to state comes from the circumstance with my dad. I’ve been in some dull places even to where I didn’t need to live. Just felt undesirable, that something wasn't right with me that my own dad didn’t need me and that I was only a weight to my mother. The information I’ve picked up is that life is valuable, I’m not an error, it’s not my deficiency, simply his lost and that my mom is and has done the most perfect she can/could; she’s my most prominent inspiration. I’ve simply needed to develop and develop faster, remain solid and acknowledge things that I can’t control. On to Oedipus circumstance , don’t believe that he ought to do it once more. Destiny is destiny, it was assume to occur. He likely could’ve took care of the Teiresias circumstance contrastingly and been progressively mannered. Of course Oedipus would’ve most likely needed to make sense of it reality without anyone else, rather than constraining it out of Teiresias. That most likely would’ve took perpetually and the individuals in the city would’ve endured more. Along these lines, whichever way would deliver a similar result of intelligence for Oedipus, only a distinction in time, the measure of affliction and when demise would come. It’s like having the alternative of capital punishment or life in jail; individual knows they’re going to bite the dust whichever way simply an issue of time. Oedipus brought his catastrophe upon himself; despite the fact that he appeared to be uninformed to certainty until the end. He murdered his dad, wedded and had children with his mom and needed to procure the repercussions of his own announcement. That was intended to occur. The motivation behind why, obscure, however somebody could’ve discovered light in it and shouldn’t be overhauled. Next, is the subject of , why or why not would I do my circumstance with enduring over once more? I sincerely can’t state that I would. Reason being is, on the grounds that as I think back over my life; from being destitute, weeping well into the night around evening time, battling with the circumstance with my father, feeling alone, prison visits, wellbeing alarms to the tiniest untruth have all assist me with developing and learn. The best thing I’ve learned through my anguish however, is the significance of my momma. I value her such a great amount for the penances she has made and her quality. Our life isn’t the best, however we have one another. She cries, I cry, she harms, I hurt, when she’s glad is when I’m the most joyful. That’s why I endeavor to remain centered in school and make the best choice since I realize that what she has experienced when she was more youthful is the thing that she doesn’t need me to encounter. She’s is the simply closest companion/mother/father I just don’t know where I would be without her. I despite everything have my hidden issues and infrequent issues yet now I realize that I’m going to be alright. Can’t change the way that my genuine father doesn’t need me, however I can change how I handle it. Indeed it harms, yet as long as I got God, my momma, family and those that care really care for me in my corner; can battle anything. With everything taken into account, individuals gain insight through development and acknowledgment. Oedipus picked up intelligence through information that the enduring of his city was the aftereffect of a plague-wind achieved by his executing of lord Laius. In the process prompting his own enduring with the disclosures that her was the killer that he looked for after and that he wedded and had children with his own one of a kind mother. The knowledge that that I increased through my experiencing stemming the circumstance with my dad is that I’m not an error, need to acknowledge that it’s out of my control, his misfortune, and that my life is to valuable to think about taking. I proceed to advance and Oedipus is dead. Returning to the expressions of Judy Collins and Henri-Frederic Amiel, â€Å"Suffering is the cost of being alive. †; â€Å"make utilization of anguish. † Everybody experience enduring; regardless of whether achieved themselves, by condition or condition. Enduring is separated of life and the specialty of living is to utilize it to pick up insight. Individuals should simply acknowledge it, there’s no alternate way; simply pass through it and learn. Enduring is all over the place. In the event that an individual doesn’t concur, challenge them to simply glance around, tune in to the news and check out the real world. The most effective method to refer to Wisdom from Suffering, Papers

The witch of blackbird pond essays

The witch of blackbird lake expositions Pack, the courageous woman in the book, The Witch of Blackbird Pond, figures out how to deal with herself as well as other people in1687. At the point when her folks passed on after just three years of marriage, she had gone to live with her Grandfather. At the point when he kicked the bucket, leaving her with no cash, she came alone from Barbados to Wethersfield, Connecticut to live with her auntie and uncle. Wethersfield was not in the slightest degree what she anticipated. This story instructs about history by informing an energizing experience regarding an exceptionally courageous 16-year-old young lady who finds out about opportunity of religion for herself as well as other people. Unit's grandpa showed her how to swim and how to peruse in Barbados. Her cousins Judith and Mercy and her auntie and uncle showed her how to sew, cook and work in the fields in Wethersfield. This was hard for her on the grounds that at her grandparents' home she had house cleaners to thoroughly take care of her. In this new nation, she figures out how to deal with others and be courageous. She does a ton of caring acts. For instance, she bounces into the sea to get a little doll for a youngster named Prudence on the grounds that the young lady needs it gravely She additionally instructs her to peruse the good book and print her name. This gets her marked as a witch later in the story. At the point when she could leave with Nathaniel Eaton, the Captain's child, on his dad's boat, the Dolphin, she remains to nurture her cousin and her family through flu. She helps spare an old woman named Hannah from being scorched. The town thought Hannah put a revile on the town and made many individuals wiped out. Unit was extremely valiant, in light of the fact that each one objected to her activities. For instance, her family figured she shouldn't be a companion with Hannah however she held fast and didn't break the fellowship. Unit and her uncle contended a great deal. For reasons unknown, they are fundamentally the same as. Her Uncle additionally went to bat for what he accepted. Once, he assembled individuals to resist the lord and pronounce their fre ... <!

A Book Review on ‘A Man on the Moon’ Essay Example for Free

A Book Review on ‘A Man on the Moon’ Essay Not every extraordinary writer can come up incredible instructive book, for example, Andrew Chaikin’s ‘A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Astronauts’. Besides, not all consistent with biographies essayists are fortunate to convey such accurate record having direct data increased through meetings. As Chaikin have given fundamental subtleties, for example, logical details, information and sentiments included, running down from the job of legislative issues, accounts, rivalries, feelings, disappointments, achievements, preliminaries, intentions, penances, flaws, private considerations and remarks, up to the degree of developing the diagram, plans and projects of planetary investigations, his perusers may be very much educated about it as well as totally mindful of the intricate details of kept an eye on space flight and arriving on the moon. See more: The Story of an Hour Literary Analysis Essay In this book, what the writer needs is to uncover the greater part of the components of the Apollo missions that lone hardly any individuals could know. He makes it conceivable as he did a careful examination of his art. Doing a progression of inside and out meetings to just about hundred percent of the individuals behind the Apollo missions particularly the twenty four moon explorers is rarely simple. Similarly, imagining that the time doing the meeting is drastically incur as it is causes his crowd to feel intently enough to the situation if not worriedly feel refreshed. Consequently, to be snared in this shocking book is only typical. The fundamental contention of the creator is set to make accessible for everybody his own disclosure of the significant history behind the recorded investigations and revelations from the underlying originally kept an eye on trip of the Apollo 8 around the moon’s region in 1961 to the effective first arriving on the moon of the Apollo 11 out of 1972 and even past that as he uncovers impressions of the 6th arriving on the moon of the Apollo 17, which is likewise the last arrival starting today. This theory is all around upheld by direct meetings, scholarly audits, logical methodology, and the lawful and specialized viewpoints which assumed significant jobs in the Apollo missions’ brilliant age and its declination. Composing his work in a truly intelligible methodology for simple perusing and comprehension of each recorded detail paints the bright undertakings and journeys of each man and occasions behind the mission. In this way, it could likewise fill in as a rich reference for any examination about space innovation. Having been perused ‘A Man on the Moon’ moves me not to quit accepting of all my possibilities. As Chaikin reveals man’s boundless disclosures once touch off and appropriately bolstered of outside components, illuminates youthful personalities to look for the boundlessness. In any case, realizing that the last arrival, as composed on the book, happened decades back can trigger the idea of halting one’s energy to dream and investigate. By and by, I could state that the book isn't only an intriguing one however heart-halting too. With those clear delineations of the interviewees that are astutely deciphered and composed by the creator, it could cause me to feel as though I myself have gone after the moon’s flight seat or even contacted moon’s face. Hence, causing me to feel restoring my deepest enthusiasm to free my most out of this world fantasy of turning into a space explorer is the best evidence that this book is really an astonishing magnum opus. R E F E R E N C E Chaikin, Andrew. A Man on the Moon: The Voyages of the Apollo Atronauts. New York: Penguin, 1998.

Artificial Intelligence Essay - 550 Words

Artificial Intelligence Essay (Essay Sample) Content: Artificial intelligenceNameInstitutionArtificial intelligenceIntroductionThe current progress in technology and its application in the real world are tremendous. This is evident in the applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in heavy industries, weather forecasting, gaming, aviation among other industries. It is important to define intelligence in order to understand the world of AI. Intelligence is the capacity to solve a given set of problems by acquiring and applying relevant knowledge and skills to survive in an intellectually demanding environment. Conversely, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of a machine to execute activities, which would otherwise only be expected of the human brain (Russell Norvig, 2010). Such activities include exhibiting knowledge and the capacity to acquire it, the capacity to judge, comprehend relationships and exhibiting original thoughts. AI was created to imitate or even surpass human minds. However, advancement in tech nology today does not show the AIs ability to take a place of the human mind. Artificial intelligence is being used in many fields today, such as medicine, law, stock financing, and weather among others. It is also used in military bases and other security agencies to aid in analysis, investigations, tracking, research, and reports (Russell Norvig, 2010). Heavy industries deploy AI robots that execute considerably dangerous tasks to avoid possible human accidents and fatalities. The AI robots are more efficient and precise as compared to humans. Car manufacturers also use expert systems in designing vehicle components, and subway systems. Expert Systems are devices that are trained to have absolute expertise in definite areas of interest (Russell Norvig, 2010). For example, Subway systems in Washington, D.C use expert system software to control and bring subway trains to a stop within 3 inches of the right spot. However, in all these fields, the human brain is needed to program an d train AI to execute code commands. As such, the AI cannot function entirely on its own without human intervention, making it impossible to take the place of the human mind entirely. The gaming industry is also known to apply AI in different games across the globe. Advanced gaming technology such as Xbox 360s Kinetic use algorithms based on AI. However, these technologies are known to be far from perfect. An example of a familiar application of AI is the use of a machine to play chess. The machine uses brute force algorithms and scan 100s of positions every second in order to establish the next move. After analyzing previous moves, the machine can accurately determine the next move (Millington Funge, 2009). For example, the AI Deep Blue II device defeated chess master Garry Kasparov to prove that AI can actually replace the human mind. Even though the machine been the chess guru, the software used had studied Kasparovs previous games and several humans were behind the programming during all moves made by Deep Blue II. Other gaming, AI software today requires more advancements, codes, and training to fit the day-to-d... Artificial Intelligence Essay - 550 Words Artificial Intelligence: Can it Ever Take a Place of the Human Mind? (Essay Sample) Content: Artificial intelligence: can it ever take a place of the human mind?Authorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s nameInstitutional affiliationArtificial intelligence: can it ever take a place of the human mind?IntroductionArtificial intelligence can be defined from different perspectives. If we are in the context or field of education, we therefore define artificial intelligence as a study that involves making and studying of the intelligence agents who assist in research and improving security. It thus involves designing of robots which are installed with softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s which can be accessed and controlled from one point. This technology has thrived in most powerful and developed countries like US and UK. On the other hand, we can define artificial intelligence as the logic capacity of softwareà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s or the intelligence which is posses by machine devices. Therefore, based on the definitions, we may conclude that artificial intelligence deals mostly with technological advancement i n the current world. Human beings have tried to make machine beings using the technology to compare its thinking capacity with that of real human beings (Haden, 1989).The power and speed of human cognitive is said not to double as compared to each year doubling of the power and speed of the cognitive of artificial intelligences agents. The intelligence possessed by human being may be of average level if ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s compared with the intelligence which is vast for these beings. Therefore, I may comment that; one day the human mind will be taken over by artificial intelligence if only we are in the world of science fiction. Haden (1989) said, "Some science fiction has showed that, human brain can be replaced with micro-chips which may be implanted in the brain and be able to access data from the Federal secret database and extract information.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Each and every day, scientists are making research on how to make robots which are more intelligent than human beings. However , the smartness of human being makes them unique compared to the made robots. From the perspectives of defining intelligence, it is therefore used to in achievement of some set objectives or goals. Agreeing and disagreeing to some mere speculation made will rely on how we see and define the future. The percentage at which human beings understand the universe is very low. Rich (1983) stated, "The universe holds much great and the technology is trying to help in understanding more the universe." All that breath on the universe has its own natural intelligence but cannot at one point be replaced or compared with the artificial intelligence.

Modernization and Dependency Theories - 4400 Words

Modernization and Dependency Theories (Term Paper Sample) Content: MODERNIZATION AND DEPENDENCY THEORIES. 1 INTRODUCTIONIn this paper we shall attempt to define and describe what modernization and dependency theories are and entail based on what other have said and a critical analysis of the same. A conclusion to wrap up will be given at the end. 2 MODERNIZATION THEORYThis theory which is also referred to as the Old Paradigm, was a concerted effort of the global North to modernize the global South. According to Adjibodou (nd), a French philosopher named Marquis de Condorcet was among those who originated with the Modernization Theory. The theory postulates that technological advancements and economic changes will trigger change in people's moral and cultural values. It adds that development is economic progress.The scholars who have advanced this theory argue that development can only be realized by applying the same processes and strategies employed by the so called, "developed" countries. "USA was defining development and social c hange as the replica of its own political-economic system," (Servaes, 2002).After World War II strong proposals were made that those "primitive" societies who were labeled as underdeveloped needed to be "modernized" or "westernized" through making them to adopt the modern lifestyles and values and discard their "backward" values.Following colonization, the Northern nation's most of whom were also former colonizers of the Southern nations many of which were in Africa, felt that their subjects needed to be introduced and inducted into their development methods mainly by applying modern technology. This was to facilitate development in these nations that were perceived as underdeveloped due to their poor technology and lack of Western knowledge on development. The westerners also believed that people especially in Africa had an urgent need to be enlightened which entailed transferring their methods and techniques from the West to Africa.This perception was ill-conceived because the Wes t did not take time to understand the real situation on the ground and did not even attempt to actively involve the perceived beneficiaries to establish what their priorities and preferences were; they believed in their modern technology so much that they overlooked other important aspects of sustainable development.Adjibodou (nd) says that"Walt Rostow and A.F.K. Organski came up with stages through which each country can develop. Rostow stresses the importance of the "take-off" stage as the point at which an economy takes off and accelerates toward becoming a modern, industrialized, increasingly prosperous economy. In addition, Servaes (2002) says, "developing nations were attracted by the new technology transfer and the model of a centralized state with careful economic planning and centrally directed development bureaucracies for agriculture, education and health as the most effective strategies to catch up with those industrialized countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Adjibodou (nd) asserts that modernization shows how societies and nations develop from being prehistoric to becoming modern by passing through necessary stages. The main emphasis is put on economic development, political stability, and social and cultural change. Joshi(2005) says "in this singular conception of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"development' as economic growth, industrialisation became a race of catching up with the West or with standards almost entirely set by West-centric institutions for a country to be deemed developed. Accompanying this frantic activity was the project of modernisation." With the aid from the developed countries, the developing counties would develop in the sectors of agriculture, basic education, health, rural transportation and community development (Servaes, 2008).However, Rostow and his colleagues came under heavy criticism in the 1970s and 1980s because of their conclusion that, since economic and social progress was achieved in some countries, it would work similarly elsewhere. Modernization paradigm was simply an attempt to herd people like cows into new ventures whose initiatives were foreign and misplaced, there was almost zero participation of the perceived beneficiaries and the benefits, ideas and eventually modernization was expected to "trickle down from the top to the bottom" without consultation, questions or discussions.According to University of Twente (2014) the modernization process had an effect on human communication and that "modernization theories explain the changing ways of communication and media use in traditional and (post)modern societies." University of Twente (2014) argues that modernization theory has evolved in three waves. The first wave which appeared in the 1950s and 1960s explained how Western styles of living, and technological innovations and characterized by secularism, materialism and capitalism took center stage. There was economic development as promoted by mass media, literacy and mass media supporting national identit ies in new nations (colonies) and democratic policies.The second wave of modernization theory came into the fore in the 1970s and 1980s where Western modernization was criticized. This emerging criticism among scholars gave birth to the media dependency theory which posited that peripheral (developing) countries were assumed to be dependent on mass media in the core (the Western world).The third wave of modernization theory emerged in the 1990s and today is commonly referred to as post-modernity. It attempts to give a more neutral perspective, by not being in favor or against Western modernization. The theorists here argue that modern societies stretch further and further across the globe and time using mass media thanks to modern technology band and interactive media courtesy of the internet.After the cold war global communication was used to modernize and develop the Third world nations. The notion was that global communication can be used to spread modernity among the newly indep endent countries and that it will help to transform the traditional societies of the developing countries. It was also used to transfer the hypothetical description of economic and political entity of the developed countries.Therefore, modernization theory is an attempt to provide a support for the development policies which was created by the western countries. These development policies were supported towards the Third world countries which were still getting out of the rule of the stronger countries and were getting independent. This theory is just an attempt to explain the economic and technology under-development of the Third world nations by focusing on the development which can be done with a process which is determined by the society's internal features (, 2014).Therefore, modernization includes economic scientific and technical development that is very closely related to the capitalist market. 3 DEPENDENCY THEORYThe theory is attributed to American Paul Baran (1957) who art iculated the thesis that the imperialist dependence after the end of colonial period is ensured by the reproduction of socioeconomic and political structures in accordance with interests of the powerful nations (Servaes and Malikhao, 2008). Dependency can be defined as an explanation of the economic development of a state in terms of the external influences--political, economic, and cultural--on national development policies, this reference is in terms of development.Melkote and Steeves (2001) described dependency as a "world-system of exploitation , where the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"core' nations exploit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"periphery' nations, with the assistance of elite groups within the periphery nations" (pg. 170). According to Adjibodou (nd) the proponents of this theory were influenced by Karl Marx who argued that some countries achieve development by keeping others underdeveloped. They argue that underdevelopment is as a result of development and progress therefore depends upon changin g the relationships among nations.Bernstein, (ed.) (1978) notes that all dependistas agreed that, "dependence is a conditioning situation in which the economies of one group of countries are conditioned by the development and expansion of others" p. 76. In the late 1950s, Raul Prebisch, the Director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, and colleagues discovered that increased economic activity in the industrialized nations repeatedly caused serious economic problems in less developed nations.Servaes and Malikhao (2008) says that dependence is a conditioning situation in which the economies of one group of countries are conditioned by the development and expansion of others. As a result, capitalism is created to breed monopoly where there is increases in the size of companies, the export of capital and scramble for resources in Africa (Melkote and Steeves, 2001). In addition, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"development of underdevelopment' in the Third World nations was an d is related to the economic development of Western Europe and North America. The Western capitalistic nations slowed the development of Africa by controlling her economic development.Dependency theory can also be looked on the phenomenon of the Cold War which divided the countries into Eastern countries and western countries. During the Cold War which lasted for more than 50 years had most of the Third World Nations preferring to avoid the group of countries which had common interest in politics. They wanted to concentrate on getting their population out of the control of the other legal or political restrictions (, 2014). The world was divided between the capitalist first world which was led by the United States, and the communist second world, which was headed by USSR in Moscow. All this happened because it was assumed that the South which was Third World, was on the receiving end of decisions and affected by changes determined outside the South ( Saull, 2005).Th...